| |
Fresh air
|
Cigarette smoke
|
Significance
|
|---|
| |
Sedentary
|
Exercise
|
Sedentary
|
Exercise
|
F1
|
F2
|
I
|
|---|
|
Heart Rate (stroke/min)
|
485 ± 30
|
443 ± 52
|
444 ± 35
|
458 ± 33
|
.27
|
.26
|
.024
|
|
FS (%)
|
33.4 ± 3.6
|
36.5 ± 3.7
|
35.0 ± 4.0
|
36.8 ± 6.2
|
.51
|
.075
|
(.63)
|
|
LV S’ (mm/s)
|
21.2 ± 3.4
|
21.6 ± 3.0
|
19.6 ± 3.6
|
19.7 ± 3.8
|
.11
|
.84
|
(.93)
|
|
LV E’ (mm/s)
|
31.3 ± 3.8
|
33.0 ± 4.3
|
29.6 ± 6.8
|
30.2 ± 3.9
|
.16
|
.50
|
(.73)
|
|
IVRT (ms)
|
16.4 ± 1.4
|
14.1 ± 1.7
|
16.5 ± 1.6
|
15.9 ± 1.3
|
.074
|
.004
|
(.09)
|
|
TAPSE (mm)
|
.71 ± .0.04
|
.82 ± .11
|
.42 ± .06
|
.75 ± .12
|
.008
|
<.001
|
(.11)
|
|
RV S’ (mm/s)
|
22.5 ± 5.1
|
22.0 ± 5.6
|
20.4 ± 4.9
|
23.4 ± 3.7
|
.56
|
.004
|
(.078)
|
|
RV E’ (mm/s)
|
31.2 ± 8.3
|
29.9 ± 6.3
|
29.15 ± 8.0
|
31.8 ± 5.1
|
.51
|
.007
|
(.78)
|
|
RV IVRT’/RR (%)
|
8.5 ± 2.3
|
4.5 ± 1.7
|
9.5 ± 2.0
|
6.3 ± 1.6
|
.058
|
<.001
|
(.43)
|
|
RV lateral wall thickness (mm)
|
1.53 ± .40
|
1.61 ± .34
|
1.57 ± .35
|
1.76 ± .31
|
.50
|
.33
|
(.74)
|
- Echocardiography performed on mice exposed to cigarette smoke or fresh air and subsequently put through exercise training or kept sedentary. HR: heart rate; FS: fractional shortening for left ventricle (LV); LV S’: LV Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) systolic velocity; LV E’: LV DTI early diastolic velocity; IVRT: isovolumic relaxation time; TAPSE: tricuspid annular systolic excursion; RV S’: right ventricle (RV) DTI systolic velocity; RV E’: RV DTI early systolic velocity; RV IVRT’/RR: isovolumic relaxation time derived from RV DTI. F1-column: p-value for main effect of smoke exposure; F2-column: p-value for main effect of exercise; I-column: p-values for interaction term between smoke exposure and exercise. 2-way ANOVA, interaction term removed if not significant (p-value for interaction term then presented in parenthesis). Data presented as mean ± SD.
