Table 1 Pharmacologic modulation of airway afferent nerve activity

Ligand-gated ion channels

   5-HT₃ receptor

5-HT, phenylbiguanide

   P2X receptor

ATP

   Nicotinic receptor

Nicotine, acetylcholine

   VR1

Capsaicin, resiniferatoxin, various acids

GPCRs

   Histamine H₁ receptor

Histamine

   Bradykinin B₂ receptor

Bradykinin

   Adenosine A₁ receptor

Adenosine

   Prostanoid receptors

PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXA₂, PGI₂

   Opioid μ receptors

Endomorphins, DAMGO

   Cys-LT1 receptors

Cysteinyl leukotrienes

   NK1, NK2 receptors

Substance P, neurokinin A

Voltage-gated ion channels

   Sodium channels

Tetrodotoxin

Lidocaine

Veratridine

Amiloride

   Potassium channels

4-Aminopyridine

α-Dendrotoxin

NS1619

Iberiotoxin

Unknown targets

Ozone

Sulfur dioxide

Acetone

Water

Low-chloride solutions

Furosemide