Figure 5From: CpG oligonucleotide activates Toll-like receptor 9 and causes lung inflammation in vivoPlasma cytokine levels. Plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were determined using the microsphere array technique. CpG-ODN led to a significant increase in plasma cytokine levels of TNF-α and IL-6 within 2 hrs (mean ± SEM; * p < 0.05).Back to article page