Table 1 Aetiology of increased airway inflammation during COPD exacerbations
EXTRINSIC FACTORS | INTRINSIC FACTORS |
|---|---|
1. Acute airway infections a. Bacterial H. Influenzae S. pneumoniae M. Cattarhalis b. Viral Rhinoviruses Picornaviruses RSV Influenza A, B Coronaviruses c. Atypical C. Pneumonia 2. Air pollution | 1. Oxidative stress 2. Altered immunity Tc1/Tc2 imbalance 3. Increased inflammation on stable state Bronchiectasis Bacterial Colonization |