Table 2 VEGF levels in various respiratory disorders.

ALI/ARDS

Elevated plasma VEGF levels.

Reduced VEGF levels in the epithelial lining fluid.

[27]

[28]

Asthma

Increased VEGF levels in induced sputum.

Increased VEGF levels in BAL fluid.

Increased VEGF-positive cells in bronchial biopsies.

[4, 32, 33]

[34]

[35, 36]

COPD

Increased VEGF expression in bronchial, bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium; bronchiolar macrophages; airway and vascular smooth muscle cells of bronchiolar and alveolar regions.

[43, 48]

Increased VEGF concentrations in induced sputum in chronic bronchitis.

[45]

Reduced VEGF concentrations in induced sputum in emphysema.

[45]

Obstructive sleep apnea

Increased serum and plasma VEGF levels.

[25, 53-55]

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Plasma VEGF concentrations did not differ between patients with IPF and controls.

Depressed BAL fluid VEGF concentrations.

[53]

[60-62]

Tuberculosis

Increased circulating VEGF levels in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis compared to healthy controls and patients with old tuberculosis.

[67, 68]

Pleural fluid

Higher VEGF levels in pleural effusions associated with malignancies compared to benign effusions.

Higher VEGF levels in empyemas compared to uncomplicated parapneumonic effusions.

[24, 81, 82, 84, 85]

[24, 89]

Higher VEGF levels in tuberculous pleural effusions compared to transudates.

[90]

Lung cancer

Increased serum VEGF levels.

[98, 99]