Figure 1

Schematic diagram of the mechanism of action of TNFα. While TNFα-dependent activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation enhances oxidative stress of cells and subsequent activation of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative transcription factors nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and the activator protein one (AP-1), antioxidants namely GSH attenuates oxidative stress and subsequent activation of NF-κB and AP-1. NF-κB and AP-1 are involved in the activation of pro-inflammatory molecules like, vascular cell adhesion molecule one (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule one (ICAM-1) and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). + Indicates activation, - indicates inhibition → and ↔ indicate one way and two way flow of signals respectively.