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Figure 2 | Respiratory Research

Figure 2

From: Vitamin A deficiency alters the pulmonary parenchymal elastic modulus and elastic fiber concentration in rats

Figure 2

Bulk modulus is increased in vitamin A deficient rats (VAD). (A) Bulk modulus (mean ± SEM, n = 9 in each group) was increased (*, p < 0.05) by carbamylcholine (CCh) administration (open bars) in vitamin A sufficient (VAS) rats and VAD rats that had not received retinoic acid (RA) and VAD rats that had received RA for 12 or 21 days (d). The CCh-induced increase in bulk modulus was significantly (#, p < 0.05) higher in VAD rats that were untreated or treated for 12 or 21 d with RA, than in VAS rats. In the absence of CCh (solid bars), the bulk modulus was increased in VAD rats that had received RA for 12 or 21 d, compared to VAS rats (+, p < 0.05). (B) Comparing the ratio of bulk modulus after carbamylcholine (CCh) to before CCh, at 3 cm PEEP, showed that the CCh-induced increase in bulk modulus was significantly higher in vitamin A deficient (VAD) rats than in VAS rats (*), p < 0.05, n = 9 for each treatment group. 3-way ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc test.

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