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Figure 3 | Respiratory Research

Figure 3

From: Airway epithelial cells initiate the allergen response through transglutaminase 2 by inducing IL-33 expression and a subsequent Th2 response

Figure 3

TG2 deficiency reduces Th2 and Th17 differentiation. (A) BAL cells were harvested 48 h after the last OVA challenge and restimulated with phorbol myristic acid (PMA) and ionomycin for 4 h. Intracellular cytokine levels were analyzed by flow cytometry. (B) Levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, IL-17, and interferon (IFN)-γ in BAL fluid were determined by ELISA. OVA-specific IgE in BAL fluid was also detected by ELISA. Data are means ± standard deviations of three independent determinations with BAL cells from n = 5 mice/group.

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