From: Pulmonary biomarkers in COPD exacerbations: a systematic review
Sample | Biomarker | Ref. | Comment |
---|---|---|---|
Exhaled air | FeNO | [81] | ↔: frequent (≥3/year), infrequent (≤2/year) ECOPD |
 | [75] | Intra-individual FeNO variability is positively associated with the ECOPD frequency | |
eNOCoV ≥ 40%: twofold increase in ECOPD rate as compared to COPD with eNOCoV <40%* | |||
 | VOCs | [76] | Several compounds were associate with the number of ECOPD in the previous year |
EBC | pH | [82] | No significant correlation with ECOPD frequency over the following 6M |
Spontaneous sputum | Elastase | [83] | ↔: frequent (≥3/year), infrequent (≤2/year) ECOPD |
IL-8 | [83] | ↔: frequent (≥3/year), infrequent (≤2/year) ECOPD | |
LTB4 | [83] | ↔: frequent (≥3/year), infrequent (≤2/year) ECOPD | |
MPO | [83] | ↔: frequent (≥3/year), infrequent (≤2/year) ECOPD | |
Protein leakage | [83] | ↔: frequent (≥3/year), infrequent (≤2/year) ECOPD | |
Induced sputum | ECP | [77] | Not statistically significant hazard for ECOPD after cessation of ICS |
IL-6 | [53] | Correlated with the frequency of ECOPD | |
IL-8 | [84] | Correlated with the total bacterial count. Bacterial colonization at baseline was associated with ECOPD frequency | |
[53] | Correlated with the frequency of ECOPD | ||
LTB4 | [77] | Not statistically significant hazard for ECOPD after cessation of ICS | |
MPO | [77] | In the monovariate analysis (but not in the multivariate analysis) sputum MPO per neutrophil was a significant hazard for ECOPD after cessation of ICS. MPO level per se were not a significant hazard. | |
SLPI | [83] | Negative correlation with ECOPD frequency over the preceding year | |
[84] | Lower levels in samples colonized with a possible pathogen. Bacterial colonization in the stable state was associated with increased frequency of ECOPD. | ||
Induced and spontaneous sputum | ET-1 | [85] | ET-1 at stability and the rise of ET-1 during ECOPD did not correlate with the frequency of ECOPD |
IL-6 | [86] | Patients with frequent ECOPD (≥2.52/y) had a faster rise over time in sputum IL6 | |
IL-8 | [86] | No significant relation to exacerbation frequency | |
Small volume lavage of the large airways | Albumin | [87] | ↔: patients with ≥3 antibiotic treated ECOPD during the past 2 years, patients without recurrent ECOPD |
ECP | [87] | ↔: patients with ≥3 antibiotic treated ECOPD during the past 2 years, patients without recurrent ECOPD | |
Hyaluronan | [87] | Not statistically significant difference in regard to recurrent ECOPD | |
IL-6 | [87] | ↔: patients with ≥3 antibiotic treated ECOPD during the past 2 years, patients without recurrent ECOPD | |
IL-8 | [87] | ↔: patients with ≥3 antibiotic treated ECOPD during the past 2 years, patients without recurrent ECOPD | |
MPO | [87] | ↔: patients with ≥3 antibiotic treated ECOPD during the past 2 years, patients without recurrent ECOPD | |
Tryptase | [87] | ↔: patients with ≥3 antibiotic treated ECOPD during the past 2 years, patients without recurrent ECOPD | |
BAL | MPO | [78] | ↔: frequent (≥3/year), infrequent (<3/year) ECOPD |
IL-8 | [78] | Higher levels in patients with frequent ECOPD, 1Â pg/ml increase in IL-8 was associated with 1fold increase in the risk of frequent ECOPD | |
NE | [78] | ↔: frequent (≥3/year), infrequent (<3/year) ECOPD | |
TNF-α | [78] | ↔: frequent (≥3/year), infrequent (<3/year) ECOPD |