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Table 2 Assessment of EBC biomarkers at ECOPD

From: Pulmonary biomarkers in COPD exacerbations: a systematic review

Biomarker

Ref.

ECOPD onset

Course:

Comment

  

Comparisons

After ECOPD

 
   

onset

 

AAT

[30]

ECOPD > COPD, controls

  

ATP

[17]

↔: ECOPD, smokers, non-smokers

↔

Time points: admission, discharge

cysLTs

[29]

 

↓

ICS with or without systemic GCS. Time points: onset, Visit 1 (D2-4), Visit 2 (2-4D post antibiotics), Visit 3 (21-28D post antibiotics). ↓ by visit 2.

H 2 O 2

[27]

ECOPD > controls (smokers and non-smokers)

↓

GCS. ↓ by D7

 

[28]

 

↓

GCS. ↓ by D3-4

 

[29]

 

↓

ICS with or without GCS. Time points: onset, Visit 1 (D2-4), Visit 2 (2-4D post antibiotics), Visit 3 (21-28D post antibiotics). ↓ by visit 2.

IL-1β

[24]

ECOPD > controls, smokers, stable COPD

  

IL-6

[31]

ECOPD > controls

↓

No GCS. ↓ by 2 W. Reduced after 6 M of mucolytic therapy

 

[24]

ECOPD > controls, stable COPD, ECOPD In GW > smokers

 

ICU or GW patients

IL-8

[24]

ECOPD > controls, smokers, stable COPD

 

ECOPD patients hospitalized either in the ICU or in GW

 

[32]

  

Undetectable in most subjects

 

[25]

ECOPD > nonsmokers, asymptomatic smokers, symptomatic smokers

 

Detected in 14% of healthy smokers, 20% of non-symptomatic smokers, 43% of symptomatic smokers

 

[33]

ECOPD > asthma exacerbations, ↔: ECOPD, controls

 

GCS.

IL-10

[24]

ECOPD > controls, smokers, stable COPD

 

ICU or GW patients

IL-12p70

[24]

ECOPD > controls, smokers, stable COPD

 

ICU or GW patients

IL-17

[33]

↔: ECOPD, asthma exacerbations, controls

 

GCS.

IFN-γ

[23]

ECOPD < controls (p value N/R)

 

Improved detection when an albumin-coated collector was used

8-isoprostane

[31]

ECOPD > controls

↓

No GCS. ↓ by 2 W. Reduced after 6 M of mucolytic therapy

[34]

ECOPD > controls

↓

No GCS. ↓ by 2 W. Reduced further within 2 M

[25]

ECOPD > nonsmokers, asymptomatic smokers, Symptomatic smokers

  
 

[29]

 

↓

ICS with or without systemic GCS. Time points: onset, Visit 1 (D2-4), Visit 2 (2-4D post antibiotics), Visit 3 (21-28D post antibiotics). ↓ by visit 2.

LTB4

[34]

ECOPD > controls

↓

No GCS. ↓ by 2 W. Reduced further within 2 M

 

[32]

↔: ECOPD, controls, stable COPD

↔

GCS. Time points: D5,14,30,60

 

[29]

 

↓

ICS with or without systemic GCS. Time points: onset, Visit 1 (D2-4), Visit 2 (2-4D post antibiotics), Visit 3 (21-28D post antibiotics). ↓ by visit 3.

MPO

[23]

ECOPD > controls

 

For samples collected with an albumin-coated apparatus

Ph

[13]

↔: ECOPD, controls

↔

Time points: admission, discharge. CO2 standardization method

PGE2

[29]

 

↔

ICS with or without systemic GCS. Time points: onset, Visit 1 (D2-4), Visit 2 (2-4D post antibiotics), Visit 3 (21-28D post antibiotics).

Protein

[24]

↔: ECOPD, controls, smokers, stable COPD

  
 

[35]

   

SLPI

[23]

ECOPD > controls

 

For samples collected with an albumin-coated apparatus

TNF-α

[24]

ECOPD > controls, smokers, stable COPD

 

ICU or GW patients

 

[32]

↔: ECOPD on D5, controls, stable COPD

↑

GCS. Time points: D5, 14, 30, 60. Lowest levels on D5, D14 > D5 and D14 = D30 = D60

 

[33]

↔: ECOPD, controls

 

GCS.

  1. The column concerning the course of EBC biomarkers refers to longitudinal studies (paired samples) and the column concerning comparisons at ECOPD onset refers to cross-sectional studies (unpaired samples). No study has assessed the course of EBC biomarkers from baseline towards ECOPD onset.
  2. Abbreviations: AAT alpha 1 antitrypsin, ATP adenosine triphosphate, CysLTs cysteinyl-leukotrienes, D day after ECOPD onset, GCS administration of systemic glucocorticosteroids, GW general ward, H 2 O 2 hydrogen peroxide, ICS inhaled corticosteroids, ICU Intensive care unit, IL interleukin, IFN-γ interferon gamma, LTB4 leukotriene B4, M months after ECOPD onset, min: minimum, MPO myeloperoxidase, N/R not reported, PGE2 prostaglandin E2, SLPI secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha, W weeks after ECOPD onset.
  3. Symbols: ↔: no difference, ↑: increase, ↓: decrease.