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Table 5 Association of ERAs and pneumonia

From: How air pollution influences clinical management of respiratory diseases. A case-crossover study in Milan

(A)

lag 0

lag 1

lag 2

lag 3

lag 4

lag 5

lag 0-2

↑ 3 of 5 days

 SO 2 (5 μg/m3)

1.010 (0.960-1.062)

1.056 (1.004-1.110)

1.041 (0.991-1.094)

1.012 (0.965-1.061)

0.998 (0.952-1.046)

1.018 (0.971-1.067)

1.058 (0.993-1.128)

1.043 (0.955-1.139)

 CO (1 mg/m3)

1.108 (1.039-1.180)

1.065 (1.000-1.134)

1.055 (0.992-1.122)

1.064 (0.999-1.132)

1.047 (0.982-1.117)

1.047 (0.983-1.115)

1.108 (1.028-1.194)

0.947 (0.869-1.033)

 NO 2 (10 μg/m3)

1.009 (0.999-1.019)

1.002 (0.992-1.013)

1.002 (0.992-1.013)

1.007 (0.998-1.017)

1.002 (0.992-1.012)

0.999 (0.989-1.009)

1.007 (0.994-1.020)

1.007 (0.940-1.079)

 O 3 (10 μg/m3)

1.003 (0.988-1.019)

0.999 (0.980-1.017)

0.992 (0.977-1.008)

0.993 (0.979-1.007)

0.985 (0.972-0.999)

0.984 (0.970-0.997)

0.997 (0.974-1.019)

0.910 (0.805-1.029)

 PM 10 (10 μg/m3)

1.013 (1.001-1.025)

1.002 (0.990-1.014)

1.009 (0.997-1.021)

1.015 (1.003-1.027)

1.009 (0.997-1.020)

1.013 (1.001-1.024)

1.011 (0.997-1.026)

1.071 (0.985-1.165)

 PM2.5 (10 μg/m3)

1.007 (0.994-1.021)

1.000 (0.987-1.014)

1.006 (0.993-1.020)

1.011 (0.997-1.024)

1.010 (0.997-1.023)

1.014 (1.001-1.027)

1.007 (0.990-1.023)

1.009 (0.932-1.093)

 C 6 H 6 (2.6 mg/m3)

1.023 (0.973-1.074)

0.975 (0.927-1.025)

1.005 (0.957-1.056)

1.017 (0.969-1.067)

0.994 (0.945-1.045)

1.027 (0.977-1.078)

1.001 (0.941-1.065)

0.953 (0.873-1.041)

 C 7 H 8 (7.96 mg/m3)

1.018 (0.976-1.062)

0.980 (0.939-1.023)

0.998 (0.957-1.040)

1.009 (0.968-1.052)

0.988 (0.947-1.031)

0.990 (0.950-1.033)

0.998 (0.945-1.054)

0.964 (0.884-1.052)

 C 8 H 10 (4.24 mg/m3)

1.017 (0.980-1.056)

0.971 (0.935-1.009)

0.989 (0.953-1.026)

0.987 (0.951-1.024)

0.967 (0.932-1.003)

0.989 (0.953-1.026)

0.987 (0.939-1.038)

1.003 (0.929-1.082)

(B)

Age group

Gender

Race

Season

 

≤16

≥65

Males

Females

Caucasian

Others

Warm

Cold

 SO 2 (5 μg/m3)

1.165 (1.033-1.314)

1.043 (0.947-1.149)

1.004 (0.920-1.096)

1.126 (1.025-1.237)

1.058 (0.989-1.133)

1.059 (0.880-1.274)

0.994 (0.834-1.186)

1.072 (1.000-1.148)

 CO (1 mg/m3)

1.094 (0.947-1.263)

1.188 (1.063-1.328)

1.092 (0.985-1.210)

1.129 (1.012-1.260)

1.102 (1.016-1.194)

1.132 (0.925-1.385)

1.657 (1.248- 2.199)

1.061 (0.979-1.149)

 NO 2 (10 μg/m3)

0.998 (0.973-1.024)

1.019 (1.000-1.038)

1.001 (0.984-1.019)

1.014 (0.995-1.033)

1.010 (0.996-1.024)

0.985 (0.950-1.021)

1.020 (0.992-1.049)

1.000 (0.985-1.015)

 O 3 (10 μg/m3)

0.967 (0.919-1.016)

0.983 (0.952-1.014)

0.980 (0.950-1.010)

1.017 (0.984-1.050)

0.982 (0.958-1.006)

1.104 (1.035-1.177)

1.005 (0.974-1.038)

0.986 (0.955-1.018)

 PM 10 (10 μg/m3)

1.016 (0.988-1.045)

1.017 (0.995-1.039)

1.012 (0.993-1.032)

1.011 (0.989-1.033)

1.011 (0.996-1.027)

1.009 (0.966-1.054)

1.081 (1.008-1.159)

1.007 (0.992-1.022)

 PM2.5 (10 μg/m3)

1.008 (0.977-1.041)

1.019 (0.995-1.043)

1.010 (0.988-1.033)

1.002 (0.978-1.027)

1.008 (0.991-1.026)

0.988 (0.942-1.037)

1.101 (1.018-1.190)

1.002 (0.985-1.019)

 C6H6 (2.6 mg/m3)

1.019 (0.906-1.146)

1.046 (0.954-1.147)

0.957 (0.879-1.043)

1.053 (0.963-1.153)

1.021 (0.955-1.090)

0.857 (0.718-1.024)

1.095 (0.828-1.448)

0.989 (0.928-1.055)

 C 7 H 8 (7.96 mg/m3)

0.981 (0.882-1.091)

1.038 (0.959-1.124)

0.967 (0.897-1.042)

1.035 (0.955-1.121)

0.994 (0.937-1.053)

0.991 (0.849-1.157)

1.055 (0.898-1.239)

0.978 (0.922-1.038)

 C 8 H 10 (4.24 mg/m3)

0.964 (0.877-1.060)

1.019 (0.947-1.097)

0.964 (0.900-1.033)

1.013 (0.942-1.090)

0.990 (0.938-1.045)

0.928 (0.806-1.068)

1.204 (0.994-1.459)

0.959 (0.909-1.012)

  1. KEY: Results are expressed as Odds Ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) with (A) various pollutants at various lags and (B) in various subgroups at lag 0–2 from conditional logistic regression analysis including terms for daily weather variables (1-day lag for temperature, humidity and temperature squared).
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Respiratory Research

ISSN: 1465-993X

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