From: Exhaled nitric oxide and clinical phenotypes of childhood asthma
Characteristics | Cluster 1 n = 79 | Cluster 2 n = 44 | Cluster 3 n = 11 | Cluster 4 n = 35 | P value* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, girls/boys # | 0/79 | 44/0 | 5/6 | 16/19 | < 0.001 |
Age, years | 10.6 ± 2.9 | 11.0 ± 2.6 | 10.0 ± 1.3 | 10.0 ± 2.3 | 0.34 |
Height, cm # | 144 ± 17 | 143 ± 14 | 139 ± 9 | 139 ± 14 | 0.33 |
Weight, kg | 39 ± 16 | 38 ± 16 | 35 ± 7 | 35 ± 13 | 0.46 |
BMI, kg.m-2 | 18.2 ± 3.2 | 18.0 ± 4.2 | 17.8 ± 2.3 | 17.7 ± 3.4 | 0.92 |
Early wheezing, n | 33 | 19 | 4 | 12 | 0.86 |
Atopy, n (%) | 67 (85) | 39 (89) | 8 (73) | 28 (80) | 0.55 |
Tobacco exposure, both # | 0 | 0 | 1 | 35 | < 0.001 |
maternal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | < 0.001 |
paternal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 23 | < 0.001 |
ICS, n (%) | 37 (47) | 25 (57) | 5 (45) | 20 (57) | 0.62 |
ICS dose, BED μg/d # | 135 ± 208 | 180 ± 236 | 149 ± 199 | 188 ± 217 | 0.57 |
LABA, n | 33 (42) | 22 (50) | 4 (36) | 15 (43) | 0.58 |
Clinical events | |||||
Partially or uncontrolled, n | 46 (58) | 29 (66) | 10 (91) | 28 (80) | 0.028 |
Days with symptoms # | 3 [0-8] | 4 [0-12] | 3 [3-7] | 7 [3-15] | 0.045 |
With exacerbation, n | 16 (20) | 6 (14) | 6 (55) | 14 (41) | 0.006 |
Days with oral steroid # | 0 [0-0] | 0 [0-0] | 3 [0-3] | 0 [0-3] | 0.021 |
Pulmonary function tests | |||||
Before bronchodilation | |||||
FE NO , ppb # | 25 [14-45] | 34 [19-51] | 21 [9-49] | 30 [14-52] | 0.58 |
sRaw, % pred | 201 ± 40 | 200 ± 54 | 211 ± 37 | 212 ± 47 | 0.68 |
FEF50%/TLC | 0.70 ± 0.13 | 0.74 ± 0.13 | 0.62 ± 0.15 | 0.69 ± 0.14 | 0.5 |
FEV1, % pred | 98 ± 13 | 100 ± 13 | 91 ± 14 | 97 ± 14 | 0.28 |
FVC, % pred | 104 ± 14 | 106 ± 13 | 106 ± 15 | 106 ± 12 | 0.88 |
FEV1/FVC # | 78 ± 8 | 80 ± 6 | 74 ± 8 | 77 ± 9 | 0.41 |
FEF25-75%, % pred | 74 ± 18 | 72 ± 18 | 59 ± 19 | 70 ± 20 | 0.1 |
TLC, % pred | 105 ± 12 | 104 ± 9 | 103 ± 12 | 106 ± 10 | 0.32 |
FRC, % pred | 103 ± 17 | 102 ± 17 | 101 ± 22 | 105 ± 18 | 0.22 |
RV, % pred | 107 ± 28 | 104 ± 27 | 101 ± 20 | 115 ± 32 | 0.23 |
RV/TLC | 0.24 ± 0.06 | 0.25 ± 0.06 | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 0.27 ± 0.06 | 0.14 |
After bronchodilation | |||||
sRaw, % pred | 125 ± 28 | 127 ± 31 | 117 ± 22 | 133 ± 34 | 0.22 |
FEF50%/TLC # | 0.78 ± 0.17 | 0.86 ± 0.15 | 0.80 ± 0.22 | 0.75 ± 0.22 | 0.025 |
FEV1, % pred # | 107 ± 12 | 110 ± 12 | 105 ± 14 | 107 ± 12 | 0.47 |
FVC, % pred | 107 ± 13 | 108 ± 12 | 107 ± 14 | 110 ± 12 | 0.69 |
FEV1/FVC, % | 84 ± 6 | 86 ± 4 | 83 ± 8 | 82 ± 7 | 0.05 |
FEF25-75%, % pred | 92 ± 20 | 95 ± 16 | 86 ± 25 | 84 ± 21 | 0.17 |
TLC, % pred | 103 ± 11 | 102 ± 9 | 101 ± 13 | 104 ± 10 | 0.73 |
FRC, % pred | 101 ± 16 | 100 ± 14 | 95 ± 19 | 101 ± 13 | 0.3 |
RV, % pred | 95 ± 22 | 90 ± 22 | 91 ± 25 | 96 ± 23 | 0.78 |
RV/TLC | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 0.6 |
Bronchodilator response, % # | 8 [5-12] | 10 [5-17] | 15 [9-20] | 8 [3-16] | 0.036 |