Figure 2

Bronchial biopsy specimen from a COPD current smoker stained for immune and inflammatory cell markers compared to S100A4. Black arrows showing cells positive for: (A) CD4 (anti-CD4 monoclonal anti-body); (B) CD8 (anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody); (C) CD68 (anti-CD68 monoclonal antibody; macrophage and mature fibroblast marker); (D) neutrophil elastase (anti-neutrophil elastase monoclonal antibody; neutrophil marker); (E) CD11c (anti-CD11c monoclonal antibody; dendritic cell/inflammatory cell marker); compared to (F) S100A4 (anti-S100A4 polyclonal antibody; mesenchymal marker) stained cells, in the basal epithelium and reticular basement membrane (Rbm). There are many more S100A4 positive cells in the basal epithelium and Rbm compared to cells stained for any inflammatory cell marker. Most of the cells positive for inflammatory cell markers are in the lamina propria below the Rbm. Original magnifications, × 630. Scale bar = 50 μm.