Table 1 Symptoms of wheeze in the past 12 months - summary of ecological analyses*.
Ecological Issue | Specific Factor | 13-14 Year Age Group | 6-7 Year Age Group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Written Questionnaire | Video Questionnaire | Written Questionnaire | |||||
Direction of effect | P Value | Direction of effect | P Value | Direction of effect | P value | ||
Economic development | GNP | + | 0.007 | + | 0.08 | + | 0.84 |
Diet | Calories from cereals and rice % | - | 0.0005 | - | 0.07 | - | 0.021 |
Protein from cereals and nuts % | - | 0.002 | - | 0.015 | - | 0.062 | |
Starch g/day | - | 0.008 | - | 0.01 | - | 0.036 | |
Vegetables g/d | - | 0.041 | - | 0.205 | - | 0.262 | |
Vegetable Vitamin A μ/d | - | 0.04 | - | 0.159 | - | 0.235 | |
Trans fatty acids | + | < 0.0001 | + | < 0.05 | |||
Immunisation | Local immunisation rates for DTP# | - | 0.047 | - | > 0.05 | ||
Local immunisation rates for measles | - | > 0.05 | - | > 0.05 | |||
TB exposure | TB notification rates | - | 0.344 | - | 0.018 | ||
Estimated TB incidence rates | - | 0.262 | - | 0.263 | - | < 0.0001 | |
Outdoor climate | Altitude | - | > 0.05 | + | > 0.05 | - | > 0.05 |
Annual variation in mean temperature | - | > 0.05 | - | > 0.05 | - | > 0.05 | |
Lowest monthly mean temperature | + | > 0.05 | 0 | > 0.05 | + | > 0.05 | |
Annual variation in mean relative humidity | - | > 0.05 | + | > 0.05 | - | > 0.05 | |
Lowest monthly mean relative humidity | 0 | > 0.05 | - | > 0.05 | 0 | < 0.05 | |
Mean relative humidity of ≥ 1 month < 50%humidity | + | > 0.05 | + | > 0.05 | + | > 0.05 | |
Indoor climate | Mean annual relative humidity | 0 | > 0.05 | - | > 0.05 | - | > 0.05 |
Lowest monthly mean relative humidity | + | > 0.05 | 0 | > 0.05 | 0 | > 0.05 | |
Tobacco smoking | Tobacco consumption, ≥ 15 yrs | 0 | 0.92 | + | 0.53 | + | 0.46 |
Tobacco smoking, women | + | 0.06 | + | 0.72 | + | 0.32 | |
Tobacco smoking, men | - | 0.001 | - | 0.004 | - | 0.06 | |
Pollen | Total grass pollen count | - | 0.67 | ||||
Days with high pollen counts | - | 0.39 | |||||
Antibiotic usage | Antibiotic sales per capita | - | 0.21 | + | 0.01 | ||
Air pollution | PM10 | - | 0.03 | - | 0.06 | ||
Paracetamol | Per capita paracetamol sales | + | < 0.0005 | + | 0.001 | ||