Cigarette smoking, cadmium exposure, and zinc intake on obstructive lung disorder

Respiratory Research

Table 2 Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression of obstructive lung disorder using smoking status as the measure of tobacco exposure

	Model 1^b		Model 2^b
	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
Smoking status		< 0.001		< 0.001
Never-smokers	1.00 (1.00-1.00)		1.00 (1.00-1.00)
Former smokers	3.37 (2.21-5.14)		2.60 (1.67-4.06)
Active smokers	7.66 (4.97-11.79)		4.38 (2.71-7.08)
Zinc intake, mg/d		0.01		0.01
Tertile 1 (< 8.35)	1.97 (1.28-3.03)		1.89 (1.22-2.93)
Tertile 2 (8.30-14.4)	1.36 (0.95-1.96)		1.29 (0.91-1.82)
Tertile 3 (>14.4)	1.00 (1.00-1.00)		1.00 (1.00-1.00)
Age, yrs (55 or older)	2.39 (1.75-3.25)	< 0.001	1.82 (1.33-2.49)	< 0.001
Gender (male)	1.13 (0.84-1.53)	0.38	1.37 (0.99-1.89)	0.05
Race/Ethnicity		< 0.001		0.001
Mexican American	0.61 (0.42-0.88)		0.61 (0.41-0.89)
Non-Hispanic black	0.45 (0.30-0.69)		0.47 (0.31-0.73)
Non-Hispanic white	1.00 (1.00-1.00)		1.00 (1.00-1.00)
Body mass index, kg/m²		0.001		0.001
<18.5	3.99 (1.81-8.79)		3.63 (1.72-7.63)
18.5-24.9	1.00 (1.00-1.00)		1.00 (1.00-1.00)
25-29	0.83 (0.62-1.11)		0.81 (0.60-1.11)
≥ 30	0.78 (0.56-1.08)		0.79 (0.56-1.11)
Urinary cadmium, μg/g creatinine				0.001
Tertile 1 (< 0.39)	-		1.00 (1.00-1.00)
Tertile 2 (0.39-0.79)	-		1.54 (0.98-2.43)
Tertile 3 (>0.79)	-		3.48 (2.54-4.76)

^a Obstructive lung disorder was defined as: observed FEV1/FVC ratio < [FEV1/FVC]_LLN and observed FEV1 < [FEV1]_LLN [20, 21]. The estimated prevalence of obstructive lung disorder was calculated using the NHANES III sample weights.
^b Both model 1 and 2 accommodated smoking status, zinc intake, and other covariates including age, gender, race/ethnicity, and body mass index, whereas model 2 was further adjusted for urinary cadmium.
Abbreviations: FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced volume vital capacity; LLN, lower limit of normal.

ISSN: 1465-993X