From: Cigarette smoking, cadmium exposure, and zinc intake on obstructive lung disorder
Characteristics | N | Prevalence of obstructive lung function (95%CI)a | P-valueb |
---|---|---|---|
Smoking status | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
   Never-smokers | 2948 | 2.99 (2.14-4.16) |  |
   Former smokers | 2306 | 9.55 (7.77-11.7) |  |
   Active smokers | 1472 | 17.7 (15.2-20.6) |  |
Pack years of cigarettes | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
   0 | 3171 | 3.08 (2.24-4.23) |  |
   >0-19 | 1874 | 6.50 (5.05-8.33) |  |
   ≥ 20 | 1681 | 19.6 (16.7-22.9) |  |
Zinc intake, mg/d | Â | Â | 0.01 |
   Tertile 1 (< 8.35) | 2464 | 11.4 (8.78-14.7) |  |
   Tertile 2 (8.30-14.4) | 2135 | 8.66 (6.99-10.7) |  |
   Tertile 3 (>14.4) | 2127 | 6.60 (5.39-8.07) |  |
Age, yrs | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
   40-54 | 2484 | 5.97 (4.38-8.10) |  |
   55 or older | 4242 | 11.5 (10.2-12.9) |  |
Gender | Â | Â | 0.16 |
   Male | 3288 | 9.55 (8.06-11.3) |  |
   Female | 3438 | 8.13 (6.62-9.94) |  |
Race/Ethnicity | Â | Â | < 0.001 |
   Mexican American | 1522 | 4.86 (3.70-6.37) |  |
   Non-Hispanic black | 1500 | 5.58 (4.09-7.57) |  |
   Non-Hispanic white | 3704 | 9.26 (7.93-10.8) |  |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | Â | Â | 0.001 |
   <18.5 | 106 | 33.9 (20.0-51.3) |  |
   18.5-24.9 | 2120 | 9.80 (7.66-12.5) |  |
   25-29 | 2634 | 7.96 (6.59-9.60) |  |
   ≥ 30 | 1866 | 7.10 (5.87-8.57) |  |