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Table 4 Effects of environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) on subcategories of wheeze and bronchitic symptoms

From: Household environmental tobacco smoke and risks of asthma, wheeze and bronchitic symptoms among children in Taiwan

 

Wheeze

Bronchitic symptoms

 

Ever wheeze

Current wheeze

Awakened at night

Brochitis

Chronic cough

Phlegm without cold

 

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

OR

95%CI

ETS

            

In utero exposure

1.98

(1.35,2.89)

3.21

(1.95,5.29)

3.18

(1.70,5.96)

1.88

(1.11,3.17)

1.99

(1.10,3.60)

2.04

(1.21,3.46)

   Currently

1.28

(1.07,1.54)

1.30

(0.96,1.78)

1.64

(1.09,2.46)

1.39

(1.08,1.79)

1.13

(0.82,1.57)

0.97

(0.73,1.30)

   Previous only

1.08

(0.69,1.69)

1.36

(0.70,2.65)

0.21

(0.03,1.51)

1.43

(0.82,2.49)

1.56

(0.80,3.04)

1.57

(0.87,2.82)

ETS sources

            

   Dad

1.09

(0.90,1.32)

0.95

(0.69,1.32)

1.39

(0.93,2.08)

1.01

(0.77,1.31)

0.95

(0.68,1.33)

1.21

(0.91,1.62)

   Mom

1.76

(1.15,2.68)

2.7

(1.54,4.75)

2.17

(1.02,4.64)

1.68

(0.94,3.03)

2.39

(1.30,4.39)

1.77

(0.97,3.22)

Number of smokers

            

   0

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

   1

0.98

(0.79,1.22)

0.96

(0.66,1.38)

1.39

(0.87,2.22)

0.96

(0.71,1.28)

0.78

(0.53,1.16)

1.02

(0.73,1.42)

   2

1.45

(1.09,1.94)

1.53

(0.96,2.42)

1.83

(0.99,3.37)

1.33

(0.89,1.98)

1.00

(0.58,1.72)

1.13

(0.71,1.81)

   ≧ 3

1.63

(1.12,2.37)

1.43

(0.77,2.66)

3.51

(1.87,6.61)

1.6

(0.95,2.69)

1.93

(1.09,3.42)

2.48

(1.52,4.03)

p value for trend

0.003

 

0.10

 

<0.001

 

0.07

 

0.20

 

0.005

 

Currently amount of ETS*

            

   0

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

   ≦ 10

1.20

(0.98,1.46)

1.30

(0.93,1.82)

1.40

(0.90,2.17)

1.33

(1.01,1.74)

0.89

(0.61,1.28)

0.90

(0.66,1.23)

   > 10

1.64

(1.23,2.19)

1.43

(0.88,2.34)

2.38

(1.36,4.18)

1.50

(0.99,2.27)

2.20

(1.42,3.42)

1.29

(0.83,1.99)

p value for trend

0.001

 

0.07

 

0.003

 

0.02

 

0.01

 

0.58

 

Percent of ETS**

            

   0

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

   ≦ 20%

1.15

(0.93,1.42)

0.95

(0.64,1.40)

1.14

(0.70,1.87)

1.24

(0.92,1.66)

0.64

(0.42,0.99)

0.79

(0.56,1.12)

   > 20%

1.56

(1.22,1.98)

2.06

(1.43,2.99)

2.40

(1.49,3.85)

1.66

(1.19,2.31)

2.13

(1.47,3.08)

1.29

(0.89,1.85)

p value for trend

0.001

 

0.001

 

0.001

 

0.003

 

0.001

 

0.41

 
  1. Models are adjusted for age, sex, parental education, family history of asthma, family history of atopy, gestational age, and community.
  2. *Average cigarettes per day
  3. **Average percent of ETS in lifetime