Systems biology coupled with label-free high-throughput detection as a novel approach for diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Table 1 Potential COPD biomarkers and other diseases in which they have been implicated.

Potential COPD biomarker	Also implicated in	References
Clara cell protein-10/16	Cystic fibrosis, general lung injury, lung cancer	[51, 70, 71]
C-Reactive Protein	Lung cancer, asthma	[50, 72, 73]
Endothelin-1	Asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, heart disease	[53, 74]
IFN-gamma	Pulmonary sarcoidosis, viral infections	[54, 75, 76]
IgG	Asthma, rheumatoid arthritis	[66, 77, 78]
IL-1	Rheumatoid arthritis, leukaemia	[55, 79–81]
IL-4	Severe asthma	[56, 82, 83]
IL-6	Sarcoidosis, lung cancer	[57, 84, 85]
IL-8	Asthma, lung cancer, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, sarcoidosis	[48, 85–88]
IL-10	Burkitt lymphoma, asthma, sepsis	[58, 89–91]
IL-12	Crohn's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus	[59, 60, 92, 93]
IL-13	Asthma	[61, 62, 94, 95]
IL-18	Asthma, sarcoidosis	[63, 96, 97]
IP-10	Sarcoidosis, asthma, SARS, tuberculous pleurisy	[64, 98–101]
MMP-2	Lung cancer, asthma	[67, 102–104]
MMP-12	Lung fibrosis, lung cancer	[68, 105–107]
Myeloperoxidase	Lung cancer, cystic fibrosis	[69, 108, 109]
Neutrophil elastase	Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis	[50, 110–112]
TIMP-1	Lung cancer, heart disease, asthma	[48, 102, 113, 114]
TNF-alpha	Virus induced inflammation, HIV, asthma	[50, 65, 76, 115, 116]

ISSN: 1465-993X