Figure 1
From: Mechanisms of the noxious inflammatory cycle in cystic fibrosis
Representation of the noxious inflammatory cycle in CF cell: Pro-inflammatory cytokines and external stimuli, such as pathogens, activate ERK pathway and promote dissociation of NF-κB/IκB complexe leading to NF-κB activation. Retention of CFTRΔF508 in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria and alteration of ceramide levels leads to NF-κB activation, resulting in inflammation.